From: Italian guidelines for primary headaches: 2012 revised version
Treatment | Level of evidence | Scientific strength of evidence | Clinical effectiveness | Adverse events | Level of recommendation | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biofeedback | A | ++ | ++ | – | I | |
Cognitive-behavioural treatment | – | – | + | – | IV | |
Strategic short-term psychotherapy | – | – | + | – | IV | [417] |
Chiropractic osteopathy | C | + | + | – | III | |
Physiotherapy | C | + | + | – | III | |
Acupuncture | A | ++ | + | Rare | II | [452] |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | – | – | ? | – | IV | [422] |
Physical activity | – | – | ? | – | IV | [421] |
Pranotherapy | – | – | ? | – | IV | [459] |
Orthodontic and gnathological techniques | C | + | + | – | IV |