Table 19 Preventive non-pharmacological treatments for tension-type headache

Biofeedback

A

++

++

–

I

[408, 413, 431]

Cognitive-behavioural treatment

–

–

+

–

IV

[416, 435, 437, 452]

Strategic short-term psychotherapy

–

–

+

–

IV

[417]

Chiropractic osteopathy

C

+

+

–

III

[418, 419]

Physiotherapy

C

+

+

–

III

[419, 427, 453–458]

Acupuncture

A

++

+

Rare

II

[452]

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

–

–

?

–

IV

[422]

Physical activity

–

–

?

–

IV

[421]

Pranotherapy

–

–

?

–

IV

[459]

Orthodontic and gnathological techniques

C

+

+

–

IV

[414, 422, 449, 460]