Headache in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Table 2 Intrapersonal, medication- and seizure-associated risk factors for migraine, MO, MA and TTH

	Migraine versus no migraine				Tension-type headache versus no tension-type headache				Migraine without aura versus no migraine				Migraine with aura versus no migraine
	Yes (n = 31)	No (n = 44)	p	RR	Yes (n = 30)	No (n = 45)	p	RR	Yes (n = 20)	No (n = 44)	p	RR	Yes (n = 11)	No (n = 44)	p	RR
Female gender	23	20	0.01*	1.6	20	23	0.18		15	20	0.03*	1.7	8	20	0.18
Family history of migraine	10	8	0.16		8	10	0.66		6	8	0.29		4	8	0.23
First degree relative	7	3	0.08		6	4	0.19		3	3	0.37		4	3	0.02*	5.3
Medication
Non-opioid pain medication	19	14	0.01*	1.9	18	15	0.02*	1.8	13	14	0.01*	2.0	6	14	0.16
Triptans	2	0	0.17		1	1	1.00		0	0	n.a.		2	0	0.04*	n.a
Seizures
Absence <1 month	0	1	1.00		0	1	1.00		0	1	1.00		0	1	1.00
Absence >1 per month	6	2	0.06		6	2	0.05		5	2	0.03*	5.5	1	2	0.50
GTC <1 month	3	6	0.73		4	5	1.00		2	6	1.00		1	6	1.00
GTC >1 per month	6	1	0.02*	8.5	3	4	1		3	1	0.09		3	1	0.02*	12.0

Only relevant data are shown (no correlation was found for age, family history of JME, the intake of migraine prophylactic anti-epileptic drugs, valproic acid, topiramate, beta blockers, or antidepressants, and the absence of seizures, in general, or the presence of myoclonic jerks). Statistics: Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test (in case of expected values < 5), two-sample t test, * p < 0.05
GTC generalized tonic-clonic seizure, RR relative risk

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