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Table 5 The risk of migraine with aura versus migraine without aura in all subjects, women, and men

From: Association between migraine, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors: a population-based cross-sectional study

 

All subjects

Women

Men

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)a

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)a

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)a

School levelb

 Graduated 12th grade

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Graduated 9th grade

0.95 (0.86–1.06)

0.95 (0.83–1.07)

1.02 (0.90–1.15)

0.97 (0.84–1.13)

0.83 (0.68–1.03)

0.95 (0.74–1.22)

 Not graduated 9th grade

0.83 (0.73–0.95)

0.81 (0.67–0.98)

0.91 (0.78–1.06)

0.92 (0.72–1.17)

0.75 (0.59–0.95)

0.79 (0.57–1.09)

Educational level

 Higher education >4 years

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Higher education ≤4 years

0.78 (0.65–0.95)

0.83 (0.66–1.04)

0.74 (0.58–0.94)

0.78 (0.59–1.05)

0.79 (0.58–1.08)

0.85 (0.59–1.23)

 Vocatinal education

0.74 (0.61–0.88)

0.80 (0.63–1.00)

0.77 (0.61–0.98)

0.82 (0.61–1.11)

0.62 (0.47–0.83)

0.70 (0.48–1.03)

 No education

0.77 (0.63–0.94)

0.82 (0.63–1.06)

0.75 (0.58–0.97)

0.80 (0.57–1.11)

0.69 (0.49–0.98)

0.72 (0.46–1.14)

Employment status

 Employed

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Self-employed

0.90 (0.74–1.09)

0.90 (0.71–1.13)

0.88 (0.66–1.17)

0.76 (0.54–1.08)

1.04 (0.80–1.37)

1.08 (0.79–1.49)

 Homemakerc

0.97 (0.75–1.25)

0.98 (0.71–1.36)

0.87 (0.67–1.13)

0.88 (0.63–1.23)

 Retired

1.33 (1.13–1.58)

1.33 (1.05–1.68)

1.37 (1.13–1.67)

1.35 (1.02–1.79)

1.17 (0.85–1.63)

1.21 (0.78–1.86)

 Student

1.18 (0.98–1.41)

1.26 (1.00–1.60)

1.15 (0.94–1.41)

1.20 (0.91–1.57)

1.12 (0.77–1.65)

1.52 (0.91–2.55)

 Unemployed

1.54 (1.14–2.06)

1.58 (1.11–2.25)

1.59 (1.14–2.21)

1.62 (1.09–2.40)

1.09 (0.55–2.16)

1.26 (0.55–2.88)

Physical work load

 Mainly seated

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Seated/standing or walking

0.96 (0.87–1.08)

1.02 (0.90–1.17)

0.99 (0.87–1.13)

1.10 (0.93–1.29)

0.86 (0.71–1.05)

0.88 (0.69–1.13)

 Heavy physical work

0.81 (0.66–0.98)

0.91 (0.71–1.16)

1.04 (0.80–1.34)

1.10 (0.79–1.54)

0.64 (0.47–0.86)

0.74 (0.50–1.10)

Recreational physical activity

 No physical exercise

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Light physical exercise

1.03 (0.92–1.17)

1.07 (0.92–1.24)

0.96 (0.83–1.11)

0.99 (0.83–1.18)

1.25 (0.99–1.59)

1.28 (0.97–1.70)

 Heavy physical exercise

1.00 (0.86–1.17)

1.01 (0.84–1.23)

1.02 (0.85–1.24)

1.03 (0.82–1.31)

1.12 (0.85–1.47)

1.09 (0.78–1.52)

BMI

 Underweight

1.02 (0.78–1.33)

1.23 (0.88–1.71)

0.93 (0.70–1.24)

1.12 (0.79–1.59)

1.51 (0.56–4.09)

2.30 (0.76–7.01)

 Normal weight

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Overweight

0.90 (0.81–1.01)

0.92 (0.81–1.05)

0.93 (0.82–1.07)

0.95 (0.80–1.12)

0.98 (0.82–1.18)

0.94 (0.75–1.18)

 Obese class I–III

0.89 (0.76–1.06)

0.89 (0.72–1.10)

0.95 (0.78–1.16)

0.89 (0.69–1.15)

0.84 (0.61–1.14)

0.95 (0.65–1.39)

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Former smoker

1.02 (0.91–1.15)

1.03 (0.90–1.19)

1.03 (0.90–1.19)

0.99 (0.83–1.18)

1.05 (0.84–1.31)

1.14 (0.87–1.50)

 Current smoker

1.04 (0.93–1.15)

1.01 (0.88–1.15)

1.06 (0.94–1.20)

0.98 (0.84–1.15)

1.02 (0.84–1.25)

1.09 (0.85–1.38)

Alcohol consumption

 Never/seldom

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Monthly

0.83 (0.73–0.94)

0.86 (0.73–1.01)

0.86 (0.74–0.99)

0.92 (0.76–1.10)

0.81 (0.60–1.08)

0.77 (0.53–1.11)

 Weekly

0.85 (0.76–0.94)

0.86 (0.75–0.99)

0.89 (0.78–1.00)

0.86 (0.73–1.02)

0.93 (0.74–1.18)

0.99 (0.73–1.34)

Marital status

 Single

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Marriedd

0.96 (0.86–1.06)

1.03 (0.90–1.17)

0.94 (0.83–1.05)

1.02 (0.87–1.20)

0.99 (0.82–1.19)

1.02 (0.79–1.30)

  1. All significant values are marked with bold text
  2. aOdds ratio adjusted for all other determinants and age
  3. bAdjusted for all other determinants except educational level
  4. cThe number in this category was negligible and excluded from the logistic regression model
  5. dIncluding couples living together