Table 2 Select studies of the association between migraine and depression
Study | Method | Migraine and depression OR (95% CI) | Bi-directional relationship OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Longitudinal studies | |||
Breslau et al. [37] | IHS migraine criteria | Not assessed | New-onset migraine 3.5 (2.2–5.6) New-onset depression 3.6 (2.6–5.2) |
Breslau et al. [15] | IHS migraine criteria | 3.5 (2.6–4.6) | New-onset migraine 2.8 (2.2–3.5) New-onset depression 2.4 (1.8–3.0) |
Breslau et al. [42] | IHS migraine criteria | Not assessed | New-onset migraine 3.4 (1.4–8.7) New-onset depression 5.8 (2.7–12.3) |
Cross-sectional studies | |||
Merikangas [43] | Diagnosis by neurologist | 2.2 (1.1–4.8) | Not assessed |
Breslau et al. [15] | IHS migraine criteria | 3.5 (2.6–4.6) | New-onset migraine 2.8 (2.2–3.5) New-onset depression 2.4 (1.8–3.0) |
Swartz [44] | IHS migraine criteria | 3.1 (2.0–4.4) | New-onset migraine 0.68 (0.02–2.0) |
Zwart [45] | IHS migraine criteria | 2.7 (2.3–3.2) | Not assessed |
McWilliams [46] | Diagnosis by neurologist | 2.8 (2.2–3.7) | Not assessed |
Patel [47] | IHS migraine criteria | Strict migraine 2.7 (2.2–3.3) Probable migraine 1.9 (1.5–2.4) | Not assessed |