Skip to main content

Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population at baseline

From: Frequency and predictors of headache in the first 12 months after traumatic brain injury: results from CENTER-TBI

Characteristic

Total (N = 2,291)

ER

(n = 746)

ADM

(n = 1,146)

ICU

(n = 399)

p-value

Sex, male %

1,454 (63.5%)

417 (55.9%)

741 (64.7%)

296 (74.2%)

 < 0.001

Age, years

    

 < 0.001

Mean (SD)

48.8 (21.1)

47.3 (20.6)

50.8 (21.5)

45.8 (20.4)

 

Median (IQR)

50 (30, 66)

46 (29, 64)

53 (33, 68)

46 (30, 62)

 

Age category, %

    

 < 0.001

0–18 years

166 (7.3%)

39 (5.2%)

86 (7.5%)

41 (10.4%)

 

19–40 years

693 (30.2%)

269 (36.1%)

297 (25.9%)

127 (31.8%)

 

41–65 years

849 (37.1%)

269 (36.1%)

427 (37.3%)

153 (38.3%)

 

 > 65 years

583 (25.4%)

169 (22.6%)

336 (29.3%)

78 (19.5%)

 

Education, years

    

0.399

Mean (SD)

13.3 (4.3)

13.1 (4.0)

13.4 (4.4)

13.3 (4.8)

 

Median (IQR)

13 (11, 16)

13 (10, 16)

13 (11, 16)

13 (11, 16)

 

Pre-injury ASA-PS, %

    

 < 0.001

Healthy

1,342 (58.9%)

428 (57.5%)

641 (56.3%)

273 (68.8%)

 

Mild disease

720 (31.6%)

240 (32.2%)

385 (33.9%)

95 (23.9%)

 

Severe disease

217 (9.5%)

77 (10.3%)

111 (9.8%)

29 (7.3%)

 

Pre-injury psychiatric problems, %

(n = 2199)

279 (12.7%)

(n = 707)

107 (15.1%)

(n = 1107)

135 (12.2%)

(n = 385)

37 (9.6%)

0.025

Previous TBI, %

(n = 2,232)

259 (11.6%)

(n = 726)

107 (14.7%)

(n = 1118)

123 (11.0%)

(n = 388)

29 (7.5%)

0.001

Pre-injury migraine treatment, %

(n = 1,231)

134 (10.9%)

(n = 375)

45 (12.0%)

(n = 612)

68 (11.1%)

(n = 244)

21 (8.6%)

0.403

Cause of injury, %

    

 < 0.001

Incidental fall

1,118 (50.9%)

363 (50.1%)

576 (52.3%)

179 (48.0%)

 

Traffic accident

768 (34.9%)

241 (33.3%)

373 (33.9%)

154 (41.2%)

 

Others

312 (14.2%)

120 (16.6%)

152 (13.8%)

40 (10.8%)

 

GCS category, %

    

 < 0.001

GCS 13–15

2,099 (93.3%)

735 (99.6%)

1,101 (98.0%)

263 (67.6%)

 

GCS 9–12

64 (2.8%)

2 (0.3%)

18 (1.6%)

44 (11.3%)

 

GCS 3–8

87 (3.9%)

1 (0.1%)

4 (0.4%)

82 (21.1%)

 

Brain Injury AIS (≥ 3), %

(n = 2283)

1,204 (52.7%)

(n = 746)

62 (8.3%)

(n = 1140)

797 (69.9%)

(n = 397)

345 (86.9%)

 < 0.001

ISS, median (IQR)

9 (2, 16)

4 (2, 8)

10 (9, 16)

24 (16, 33)

 < 0.001

ISS face injury, yes, %

562 (24.5%)

161 (21.6%)

284 (24.8%)

117 (29.3)

0.014

CT head: presence of intracranial injury, %

(n = 2182)

694 (31.8%)

(n = 701)

67 (9.6%)

(n = 1101)

375 (34.1%)

(n = 380)

252 (66.3%)

 < 0.001

RPQ, feeling depressed (≥ 2), %

(n = 2285)

425 (18.6%)

(n = 745)

130 (17.4%)

(n = 1142)

202 (17.7%)

(n = 398)

93 (23.4%)

0.027

RPQ, sleep problems (≥ 2), %

(n = 2258)

620 (27.5%)

(n = 727)

127 (17.5%)

(n = 1133)

344 (30.4%)

(n = 398)

149 (37.4%)

 < 0.001

RPQ, fatigue (> 2), %

(n = 2286)

1,071 (46.9%)

(n = 745)

291 (39.1%)

(n = 1142)

550 (48.2%)

(n = 399)

230 (57.6%)

 < 0.001

Vision problems*, %

(n = 2110)

487 (23.1%)

(n = 465)

93 (20.0%)

(n = 816)

169 (20.7%)

(n = 829)

225 (27.1%)

0.002

Neck pain*, %

(n = 2110)

684 (32.4%)

(n = 466)

142 (30.5%)

(n = 815)

273 (33.5%)

(n = 829)

269 (32.4%)

0.415

Mobility problems*, %

(n = 2113)

577 (27.3%)

(n = 466)

72 (15.5%)

(n = 816)

198 (24.4%)

(n = 831)

307 (36.9%)

 < 0.001

  1. *Values not available at baseline and represent 3-month follow-up
  2. Abbreviations: ER Emergency room stratum, ADM Admission stratum (hospital ward), ICU Intensive care unit stratum, ASA-PS American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System score, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, AIS Abbreviated Injury Scale, ISS Injury Severity Score, CT Computed tomography, RPQ The Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire
Back to article page

The Journal of Headache and Pain

ISSN: 1129-2377

Contact us